@article {263,
	title = {The rapid spread of Leptoglossus occidentalis in Europe: A bridgehead invasion},
	journal = {Journal of Pest Science},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {189-200},
	abstract = {<p>Retracing the routes of invasions and determining the origins of invading species is often critical in understanding biological invasions. The Western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, an insect native of western North America, was first accidentally introduced to eastern North America and then to Europe. The colonization of the entire European continent occurred in ca. 10\&ndash;15 years, probably promoted by independent introductions in different parts of Europe. A multi-marker approach (mtDNA and microsatellites) combined with approximate Bayesian computation analyses was used to track the origin of European populations and to determine whether this rapid invasion was caused by multiple introductions. Our results show that at least two independent introductions of L. occidentalis have occurred in Europe. Moreover, the analyses showed a stronger genetic similarity of European invasive populations with the eastern North American populations than with those of the native range, suggesting that invasive North American population acted as a bridgehead for European invasion. The results also revealed that natural dispersal as well as human-mediated transportations as hitchhikers probably enhanced the rapid spread of this invasive pest across Europe. This study illustrates the complexity of a rapid invasion and confirms that bridgehead and multiple introductions have serious implications for the success of invasion.</p>
},
	keywords = {Approximate Bayesian computation, Microsatellite, Mitochondrial DNA, Multiple introductions, Source population, Western conifer seed bug},
	doi = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10340-018-0993-x},
	author = {Lesieur, V. and Lombaert, E. and Guillemaud, T. and Courtial, B. and Strong, W. and Roques, A. and Auger-Rozenberg, M.A.}
}
@article {246,
	title = {Leaf and Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Chapter 8.3},
	journal = {Biorisk},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {267-292},
	abstract = {<p>The inventory of the leaf and seed beetles alien to Europe revealed a total of 25 species of which 14 seed beetles (bruchids) and 11 leaf beetles mostly belonging to the subfamilies Alticinae and Chrysomelinae. At present, aliens account for 9.4\% of the total fauna of seed beetles in Europe whereas this percentage is less than 1\% for leaf beetles. Whilst seed beetles dominated the introductions in Europe until 1950, there has been an exponential increase in the rate of arrival of leaf beetles since then. New leaf beetles arrived at an average rate of 0.6 species per year during the period 20002009. Most alien species originated from Asia but this pattern is mainly due to seed beetles of which a half are of Asian origin whereas leaf beetles predominantly originated from North America (36.4\%). Unlike other insect groups, a large number of alien species have colonized most of Europe. All but one species have been introduced accidentally with either the trade of beans or as contaminants of vegetal crops or stowaway. Most aliens presently concentrate in man-made habitats but little affect natural habitats (\&lt;6\%). Highly negative economic impacts have been recorded on stored pulses of legumes and crops but very little is known about possible ecological impact.</p>
},
	keywords = {alien, bioinvasion, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Europe, introduction, leaf beetle, seed beetle, translocation},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.52},
	author = {Beenen, R. and Roques, A.}
}
